Revolutionizing Sensor Networks: A Fresh Perspective on Routing Protocols
1Swati V. Thakare, 2Lavanya S. Gahale
1 Research Scholar, 2 Research Scholar
1 Bar. R.D.I.K. and N.K.D. college Badnera (India), 2 Smt. Narsamma Arts, Commerce and Science College, Amravati (India)
1 swati.thakare2@gmail.com, 2 lavanyagahale22@gmail.com
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), numerous new protocols have been developed to optimize network efficiency, scalability, and security. The choice of a routing protocol depends on the application domain and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification of various approaches pursued. The primary categories examined in this study include data-centric, hierarchical, and location-based routing protocols. Each protocol is discussed under its respective category, highlighting its key features, advantages, and limitations.
Beyond conventional classifications, this paper introduces a novel perspective by exploring emerging trends in WSN routing. Specifically, we analyze the impact of AI-driven adaptive routing, where machine learning models dynamically adjust routing paths based on environmental changes and network congestion. Furthermore, we investigate the role of blockchain-integrated routing for enhancing security and trust in decentralized sensor networks. Additionally, the survey extends to protocols leveraging edge computing and digital twin technology, which are not extensively covered in existing literature. Edge-based routing significantly reduces latency by processing data closer to the source, while digital twins simulate real-world sensor network behavior for optimized routing decisions. Moreover, protocols integrating bio-inspired algorithms, such as swarm intelligence and neural-based learning, are discussed as promising directions for self-optimized routing in highly dynamic environments.
This paper also considers network flow optimization and Quality of Service (QoS) modeling, addressing real-time applications in healthcare, industrial automation, and smart cities. By providing this multidimensional analysis, we contribute to the evolving landscape of WSN routing and highlight future research opportunities.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Routing Protocols, Data-Centric Routing, Hierarchical Routing, Location-Based Routing, AI-driven adaptive Routing, Blockchain, Edge Computing, Digital Twin Technology, Bio-Inspired Algorithms, Energy Efficiency, Scalability
DOI link – https://doi.org/10.69758/GIMRJ/2504I5VXIIIP0088
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